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The Wogans and Brownes

Two 18th century North Kildare Jacobite families

Part I, Published in the Liffey Champion, 13^th of July 2024

Part II, Published in the Liffey Champion, 20^th of July 2024

Part I

The Wogans from Rathcoffey Castle and the Brownes from Castle Browne (now Clongowes Wood Castle) were two leading landed gentry families living in north Kildare in the 18^th century. They lived in adjoining properties and as both were Catholic their estates formed an unusual enclave where Catholic religious services were to some extent openly practiced during the period of the Penal Laws. In politics both families were strong supporters of the Jacobite cause and have left important legacies with their involvement in various rebellious and dissident activities.

Colonel John Wogan

In 1700, Colonel John Wogan was the owner of the Rathcoffey Estate. He was born in the 1640s during a period of warfare that saw the family residence Rathcoffey Castle captured with the garrison executed and local people who had taken refuge in the building massacred. While his father Nicholas Wogan was a participant in the Rebellion of 1641 and the Confederate Wars, neither he nor his family were in Rathcoffey when it was captured. Subsequently, Oliver Cromwell confiscated the Wogan lands, but the family luckily regained their property following the restoration in the early 1660s.¹

John was a younger son but became head of the family following the death of his older brother William in 1671. John’s first wife also died leaving him with two daughters but no male heir. In 1678, he remarried to Judith Moore who was a close relative of Rory O’Moore the leader of the 1641 Rebellion. She had previously served in the Court of King Charles II as a Lady in Waiting.²

During the Williamite War, 1689–91, John Wogan served as a colonel in the army of King James II, actively participating in various encounters. While serving in Limerick he made the acquaintance of Colonel Palliser, a Williamite officer, who had been incarcerated in the city. Wogan assisted him in escaping and a friendship between the two continued following the war. Through this connection Palliser became acquainted with Wogan’s niece Catherine Wogan a daughter of his deceased older brother William. Despite the fact that they were on opposite sides in politics and religion a marriage linking the two families was arranged. Family sources later pointed out that the union was due to a romance which was rare in 17^th century marriage agreements.³

Due to terms of the Treaty of Limerick of 1691, John Wogan retained his Rathcoffey estate. This was the third occasion since the reformation that the Wogan family had successfully retained their property despite being on the losing side in war or rebellion.

Stephen Browne

In 1700, Stephen Browne was the owner of Clongowes Wood estate. He was born in Dublin circa 1682 the eldest son of John Browne and Mary FitzWilliam daughter of the 3^rd Viscount FitzWilliam, one of the leading Catholic noblemen during that period. Due to their relationship to the FitzWilliams the Brownes had similar Jacobite credentials as the Wogans. Stephen’s uncle Thomas the 4^th Viscount FitzWilliam, was a Jacobite officer participating in the Siege of Limerick in 1691.⁴

Stephen was a minor when he inherited the Clongowes Wood estate in 1693 and his previously mentioned uncle Thomas was appointed joint guardian.⁵ Thomas could then exercise a dominant authority over Stephen and his siblings which included a pivotal role in arranging family marriages. Stephen’s marriage was arranged to his first cousin, Thomas’s daughter. Surprisingly there are no surviving details regarding the marriage; not even the bride’s forename has survived. A date of 1697 shortly after Stephen reached his majority is the most likely year of the marriage.⁶ It was clearly a ‘keep it in the family’ marriage arrangement. While consanguineous marriages were not uncommon among the gentry, they were motivated more to secure family property and succession than by romance. Thomas 4^th Viscount FitzWilliam was now related in several ways to Stephen: his father-in-law; his uncle and also eventually grandfather to the heir of the estate.

The Wogans Flaunt the Penal Laws

In the post Treaty of Limerick period, marriages between Jacobite families were common. In June 1707 John Wogan’s son and heir Nicholas married Elizabeth O’Neill daughter of Sir Neill O’Neill from Shane’s Castle, County Antrim. O’Neill had died at the Battle of the Boyne and was regarded as a martyr by the Jacobites.⁷ Nicholas and Elizabeth had two children John and Frances. Sadly, Elizabeth died at a young age. The year 1716 when the O’Neill coat of arms was carved on the Wogan burial memorial in Clane Churchyard is the most likely date of her demise.⁸

Throughout the Wogan and Browne estates covering large areas of the countryside between Kilcock and Clane the penal laws enacted in 1695 were openly flaunted. The two families despite the laws staunchly supported the Catholic cause. While the laws forbade Catholics from carrying firearms John Wogan and his son Nicholas obtained a waiver and were granted a licence to bear and carry pistols.⁹

In 1710, John Wogan assisted in the establishment of a Catholic Chapel in a converted stable on his estate at Rathcoffey. This chapel, Rathcoffey Church is still in use. The instigator of the endeavour was Frances Lady Tyrconnell, widow of Richard Talbot, Duke of Tyrconnell, who was the leader of the Irish Jacobites during the Williamite War. As a grand aunt of Nicholas Wogan’s wife Elizabeth O’Neill, she had a family connection to the Wogans and it was known that she regularly visited Rathcoffey Castle.¹⁰

She is noted in Irish history as the source of an important quote during an incident following the Battle of the Boyne. When King James had fled the battle her husband the Duke of Tyrconnell accompanied him. On arriving at Dublin Castle, the King and party were greeted by Lady Tyrconnell whose duty it was to offer the King refreshments. The King refused refreshments informing the lady who was of English birth that her husband’s countrymen had ‘made good their heals at the battle’ in other words they had run away from the battle, to which the Lady replied, ‘your majesty has out run them’.¹¹

Nicholas Wogan and the Jacobite Rebellion, 1715

By 1714 a new Royal Dynasty, the House of Hanover, had succeeded to the throne. Jacobites and in particular the Wogan family staunchly opposed the new dynasty. The activities of Charles Wogan as a Wild Geese officer in the service of the Jacobite pretender to the throne from this period is well-known. But the role of his cousin, Nicholas, John Wogan’s son is not as widely known. In early 1715 he was employed as a Jacobite agent in the north of England enlisting support. A Jacobite Rising occurred later that year in Preston and Nicholas served as a colonel in command of one of the five troops into which the English insurgents were divided.¹²

When the rising collapsed the Jacobites surrendered and were imprisoned in London. According to family sources, while awaiting execution Nicholas with others sensationally escaped and while being pursued, he ran into an Irish woman selling apples who assisted him. Rolling him in the mud and claiming that he was her drunken husband, she succeeded in getting the soldiers to take him to her home. Subsequently, a reward of £500 was offered for his capture. However, most of the Jacobites including Nicholas were eventually pardoned.¹³

Other stories of his adventurous life in England from this period relate to an occasion while travelling in a coach in the north of England, the carriage was stopped by a highwayman armed with a pistol demanding the valuables from all on board. One by one valuables were deposited into the bandit’s hat, but when it came to Nicholas Wogan’s turn he seized the pistol and demanded from the robber ‘you or I for the hat’ at which the highwayman fled. Wogan immediately returned the ladies valuables, but when the gentlemen on board asked for theirs he responded, ‘Gentlemen, I do not rob you, I only rob the robber’, and proceeded to stuff their money and watches into his pocket. One of the ladies on the coach, Henrietta Tancred was an heiress from the Raventofts area of Yorkshire.¹⁴ She was connected to the Wogans as her brother was married to Judith Dalton, Nicholas’s niece.¹⁵ Subsequently, a romance developed between the two with Nicholas and Henrietta eventually getting married.

Wogans and Brownes Connected by Marriage

While the connection between the Wogans and Brownes at this period was neighbouring landowners a stronger bond between the families was about to transpire.

Following the death of Stephen Browne’s first wife the two families negotiated a marriage agreement between Stephen and John Wogan’s daughter Judith. It was a case of adjoining landowners both Jacobites securing their respective properties. The couple were already distantly related and both were also related to Catholic martyrs: Stephen to Saint Oliver Plunket and Judith being a descendent of Blessed William Wogan.

Up to this period Stephen had never resided outside Dublin where he had extensive property interests but following his marriage to Judith Wogan he decided to establish a new family seat at Clongowes Wood. He chose a site on the footprint of the ruined castle previously belonging to the Eustace family and in 1718 built a stately mansion incorporating sections of the older castle which he re-named Castle Browne.¹⁶

As soon as Stephen moved to the area he began to openly disregard the Penal Laws. One activity was providing active support to Catholic worship on his estate and assisting in the establishment of a Mass House at Mainham. His activity soon came to the notice of the local rector, Rev. John Daniels. The Mass House was the subject of a report to an Irish House of Lords committee in 1831 submitted by the local rector which also stated that ‘Castle Browne constantly harbours “Mass-priests”.’¹⁷

It seemed the Wogans and the Brownes could do as they pleased within their respective estates despite the enforcement of anti-Catholic laws at the time. While the laws also prevented Catholics from obtaining commissions in the army both families managed to overcome this impediment by obtaining commissions in armies on the continent.

Quarrel between Stephen Browne and the Local Rector

A form of enmity developed between Stephen Browne and the local Protestant Rector which came to a head in the early 1740s.

Initially, Stephen had sought authorisation from the rector to erect a family mortuary-chapel adjoining the Protestant Church in Mainham. Similar mortuary-chapels had been erected by the Wogan family at Clane Church and by the Aylmer family at Donadea Church. Both families had remained Catholic and the churches in question were Protestant.

Rev. Daniels, in an apparent attempt to prevent the development, placed financial conditions on Stephen’s attempts to build the proposed mortuary-chapel in Mainham. An enraged Stephen slightly altered his plans and instead built a new free-standing mausoleum outside the Church yard on his own land blatantly facing the Church entrance. Furthermore, when the mausoleum was completed in 1743, he inscribed the details of the dispute on a stone plaque which he erected over the entrance to the mausoleum.¹⁸

Amazingly, neither Stephen nor his family suffered any repercussions as a result of this action. It was another example of the Wogans and Brownes emerging unscathed in a brush with a local figure connected to the establishment of the time.

Part II

The Wogans and Brownes:
Two 18^th century North Kildare Jacobite Families

The defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden in Scotland in 1746 marked the end of any serious attempt to restore the Stuart dynasty to the British throne.¹⁹ It was to become a turning point for the leading landowners in Ireland such as the Wogans of Rathcoffey and the Brownes of Castle Browne who had secretly espoused the Jacobite cause. The leading Catholic families in subsequent years reduced their involvement in Jacobite politics in order to avoid publicly flouting the Penal Laws and thus to be allowed to live peacefully on their estates. However, former Jacobite families continued to intermarry with the emphasis on marriage agreements negotiated primarily to protect the family estate.

Younger Generation of Wogans

Many of the younger generation of the Wogans were married at this stage such as Nicholas Wogan’s eldest daughter Frances. In September 1735, she married John Talbot of Malahide. Her husband’s older brother Richard who was head of the Talbot family, had excellent Jacobite credentials having fought at the Battle of the Boyne. But he had no male heirs. The two families were second cousins, so they were well-acquainted. Within four years of marriage Frances had produced two sons Richard and Nicholas. However, she was left as a young widow when her husband died in 1739.²⁰

Frances’s brother John, heir to the Rathcoffey estate married Helen Browne daughter of Valentine the 3^rd Viscount Kenmare in 1739. These Brownes lived in Killarney and had strong Jacobite connections but were not related to the Browne family of Castle Browne. John Wogan, however, died in 1742, in Italy, where he had gone to recover his health due to illness. While the couple had one daughter they had no male issue.²¹

Frances and her half-sister Catherine, who was her father’s daughter from the marriage with Henrietta Tancred then emerged as joint heiresses to the Wogan estate.

Catherine was single some twenty years younger than Frances and was a property owner in her own right having inherited her mother’s estate in England.

A Second Wogan and Browne Marriage

By the 1750s their father Nicholas Wogan and his brother-in-law Stephen Browne in Castle Browne were getting on in years. Succession to the Castle Browne estate was not clear cut. Stephen’s eldest son and heir John was middle-aged and not showing any signs of getting married. The second son in the family Christopher was a priest in France. Their half-brother Michael, Stephen’s son by Judith Wogan was serving as a colonel in the army of King Louis XV of France and his younger brother Anthony was also an army officer in Europe having obtained a commission in the army of Saxony.

In 1755, Michael now in his mid-30s, decided to retire from the army. The mantle of producing heirs for the Castle Browne estate was now placed on his shoulders. Similarly, to the events in the previous generation a ‘keep it in the family’ scenario was envisaged with Michael and his first cousin from Rathcoffey Castle, Catherine Wogan expressing a desire to get married.

Unlike the particulars of the previous first cousin marriage which are unknown, details of the 1755 wedding were uncovered in France in 2009 by John Wogan-Browne of Australia and skilfully transcribed by Charles Lillis, grandson of Claire Wogan-Browne, who was the last of the family to live in Ireland.

First cousin marriages, according to Catholic rules, were forbidden unless under certain circumstances. The code of Canon Law prohibited marriages within four degrees between two individuals that are blood relatives – the fourth degree is between first cousins. However, relating to the fourth degree, particularly among leading Catholic families a special dispensation could be obtained from the Pope.

The marriage restrictions did not seem to discourage the Wogans and the Brownes, and the two families set about overcoming the obstacles. The Parish Priest in Mainham, Fr. Andrew Ennis, was contacted and Michael Browne’s birth certificate was obtained. The particulars had been entered by a predecessor Fr. Kedagh Molloy whose signature is recorded on the certificate. Also, approval was sought from the bishop of the diocese of Kildare and Loughlin Dr. James O’Keeffe, (1752–87), who resided in Tullow, County Carlow.

Contact with the highest authority in the Catholic Church Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) in Rome could then proceed. The discussions were successful and on the 20^th of December 1754, the marriage was approved by the Vatican with a special dispensation given by the Pope.

The agreement of the two families to the union was also given in writing by the respective fathers of the groom and bride: Stephen Browne in Castle Browne on the 12^th of May 1755 and Nicholas Wogan in Rathcoffey Castle two days later.

The couple were both living in France and the usual ‘Marriage Banns’ were observed. The Banns were a public announcement at Mass or Church service of an intention to marry and this provided the opportunity for anyone to put forward a reason why the marriage may not lawfully take place.

Both the announcement of the final banns, the engagement and the wedding took place in the parish of St. Croix in the Diocese of Sens on the 17^th of July 1755. Sens is approximately 120 kilometres south-east of Paris. Michael’s brother Christopher Browne, who was a priest attached to a diocese near Paris was a signatory to the wedding certificate.

Almost every member of the Wogan and Browne immediate family had a role as a witness in the marriage. With the exception of two of the witnesses, the signatories of the wedding certificate were from both sides and were all closely related. Witness for the groom was Richard Talbot his first cousin once removed who was also a nephew of the bride. The second witness Denis Brevat was a French army officer. Witness for the bride, was her half-sister, Frances Talbot, who was also a cousin of the groom and mother of the previous mentioned Richard Talbot. The latter‘s brother Nicholas was also a witness for the bride. At the time there were no specific requirements regarding the chosen witnesses, as both men and women could fulfil this role on either side. Marie Brevat, wife of Denis Brevat, was also a witness for the bride. It is unlikely that all or indeed any of the relatives travelled from Ireland or different locations in Europe to France for the wedding, travel in the 18^th century was long and hazardous. Instead in their absence the marriage certificate would have been signed by proxy signature. Denis and Marie Brevat may have been the only witnesses present.

Older generation Passes On

Within a few years following the marriage the older generation had passed on. Nicholas Wogan died in 1757 and bequeathed Rathcoffey Castle and demesne to his widowed daughter Frances Talbot. She used it subsequently as a country residence. Her son Richard was heir to his uncle, owner of the Malahide Castle, which he inherited in 1768. Tragically her second son Nicholas, an ensign in the Austrian army, was killed in action in the Battle of Kolin in 1757, during the Seven Years War between Austria and Prussia. Frances made some changes modernising Rathcoffey Castle at this time including the construction of a walled garden adjoining the residence in 1763.²²

Frances had a reputation as a strong-willed hands-on approach lady in the Rathcoffey area. One story that survives in the family chronicles tell of a troublesome period when the Rathcoffey locality was infested with outlaws and thieves, and upon hearing that some of them were concealed in a bog in the locality, she armed her servants and went with them in her carriage to the place. The thieves were overpowered then tied on to Frances’s carriage and taken to Naas where they were lodged in the county gaol.²³

In 1769, Frances leased Rathcoffey Castle and moved to Malahide ending a Wogan residency in Rathcoffey of more than 450 years.²⁴ Many of the Wogan heirlooms including family portraits passed to the Talbot family in Malahide Castle at this time where they are still on display at present.²⁵ The core of Rathcoffey Castle still exists within Rathcoffey House which was much altered when the property passed by leasehold to Archibald Hamilton Rowan in 1787.²⁶

Stephen Browne died in 1767 and the Castle Browne estate passed to his eldest son John who was unmarried.

Michael and Catherine Wogan Browne Reside at
Belgard House

Following their marriage in 1755 the newlywed first cousins Michael and Catherine returned home to Ireland to begin their married life in a suitable residence separate to Castle Browne or Rathcoffey Castle. Catherine had inherited the northern section of the Rathcoffey Estate, an area between Kilcock and Rathcoffey. There was a substantial and handsome two story over basement gentleman’s seat named Belgard House already in existence in this section of the estate which became their home.²⁷

Cartographical evidence indicates that the house predated Nobel and Keenan’s Map of 1752, and as there are no records of a gentry family previously residing in Belgard townland the strong indications are that it was built by the Wogans.²⁸ It may well have been built for Catherine’s older brother John as the seat for the heir apparent of the Wogan estate.

Michael and Catherine had four children of which three left significant legacies in history. The eldest of the family was a daughter named Judith who remained single and lived most of her life in Tullow where she assisted the diocesan bishop Daniel Delaney with ecclesiastical work and had a dominant role in administering the local brigandine convent.²⁹

Thomas Wogan Browne, the eldest son inherited both the Castle Browne estate from his uncle John Browne and also his mother’s section of the Wogan estate. He was a noted liberal who supported Catholic Emancipation and was linked to several United Irishmen leaders in the 1790’s. Despite suspected rebel sympathies, he survived the 1798 rebellion virtually unscathed.³⁰

The second son, General Michael Browne, was a leading officer in the army of Saxony. In 1814–15 he represented the King of Saxony at the Congress of Vienna which redrew the map of Europe following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. He inherited Castle Browne in 1812, following his brother’s death but sold the house to the Jesuits who established a college in the building renaming it Clongowes Wood. It’s ironic that within one hundred years of its construction the house reverted to its old Latin-derived name based on ‘Silva de Clongowes’.

Following Michael and Catherine’s marriage, it became the custom for successive generations of male members of the family to use the name Wogan as an additional surname, namely Wogan Browne. Then in 1880 the family by deed poll legally adopted the double barrel name Wogan-Browne.³¹

Today the mortal remains of the various Wogans and Brownes connected to the outlined 18^th century events rest in the vaults of both of the Wogan Browne Mausoleum in Mainham and the Wogan Tomb in the burial ground adjacent to the Abbey Community Centre, Clane.

I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by John Wogan-Browne and Charles Lillis.

Wogan Family Tree, Chart I

Wogan Browne Family Tree, Chart II

Sources

1. Seamus Cullen, ‘The History of Rathcoffey’, seamuscullen.net/rathcoffeyhistory.html
2. Liam Chambers, Michael Moore (1639–1726), Provost of Trinity, Rector of Paris (Dublin, 2004), p. 27.
3. W.O. Cavenagh, ‘The Wogans of Rathcoffey Co. Kildare – A correction’, in Journal of the Kildare Archaeological Society [JKAS], Vol. V, p. 112.
4. For details of Thomas FitzWilliam, 4^th Viscount FitzWilliam, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_FitzWilliam,_4th_Viscount_FitzWilliam
5. Last will and testament of John Browne, 1693 in The Clongownian, 1954
6. Bernard Burke, History of the Landed Gentry families of Ireland (London, 1899), p. 49. The detail in Burkes incorrectly state that Stephen Browne married Judith Moore in 1697. That year may be the year of his first marriage as the marriage to Judith, his second wife, was almost 20 years later.
7. The Marriage Agreement of Nicholas Wogan and Elizabeth O’Neill, 1707, is included in the Wogan Browne family papers. Confusion exists regarding which O’Neill sister married Nicholas. While Elizabeth is named in the Marriage Agreement, written detail on a portrait of her sister Rose O’Neill in the National Gallery of Ireland indicates that she was the wife of Nicholas Wogan.
8. T. Cooke-Trench, ‘The Wogan Monument’, in JKAS, Vol. III, p. 99.
9. Matthew Devitt, ‘Rathcoffey’ in JKAS, Vol. V, p. 85.
10. Seamus Cullen, ‘The Founding of Rathcoffey Chapel’, seamuscullen.net/rathcoffeychapel.html
11. Ibid.
12. Hugh A Law, ‘Sir Charles Wogan’ in Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Vol. LXVII, Part II, (31 Dec. 1937), pp 253–264. M.R. Glozier writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, mistakenly gives the credit to 15-year-old Nicholas Wogan of Richardstown a cousin of Nicholas of Rathcoffey as the participant in the rising. According to Glozier during the revolt of 1715, Nicholas saved the life of a British officer during the battle by carrying him out of the line of crossfire.
13. Stephen E. Talbot, A Biographical History of the Talbot’s of Malahide (2012). The details came from Frances Wogan’s granddaughter, Hon Charlotte Talbot whose second marriage in 1827, was to Gerald Fitzgerald. She related the details to her nephew, James 4^th Baron Talbot (1805–1883) who had succeeded to the Talbot title 1850. Note: the family account to some extent differs from official published accounts.
14. Ibid.
15. Dalton family of Grennanstown, www.youwho.ie/daltonp.html. I am grateful to John Wogan Browne, Australia for this information and other details in this essay.
16. Details indicating the construction of Castle Browne in 1718 by Stephen FitzWilliam Brown are carved on a tablet over the entrance into the castle.
17. Michael Comerford, Collections relating to the Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin, Vol. I (Dublin, 1883), p. 263.
18. Seamus Cullen, ‘Penal Period in Rathcoffey / Clane, 1700–1803’ in A History of Christianity in Clane & Rathcoffey (2011), pp 76–82; Mark Gordon, ‘Grief, Grievance and Grandeur: An Eighteenth-Century Mausoleum in Mainham, Co. Kildare’, in Eileen M Murphy (Ed.) Deviant Burial in the Archaeological Record (2008), pp 224–44; Comerford, Collections, Vol II, pp 111–2.
19. For details of the participation of Nicholas Wogan (b. 1700) of the Richardstown Wogan branch in the Battle of Culloden see, Wogan, Nicholas in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
20. Talbot, A Biographical History of the Talbot’s of Malahide.
21. Denis Murphy, ‘Wogans of Rathcoffey’ in JRSAI, XX (1890–1), p. 129. A remedy adopted by members of gentry families stricken with tuberculosis was to travel to Italy where it was hoped that the hot climate would assist in their recovery. Valentine Browne’s first wife was Helen Butler. Their daughter was Helen (1721–84) who married John Wogan in 1739, see Browne, Valentine in Dictionary of Irish Biography; John Debrett: The Peerage of the United Kingdom Great Britain and Ireland, Vol II (London, 1822), p 1055.
22. Talbot, A Biographical History of the Talbot’s of Malahide; The date of 1768 is carved on a key stone over an entrance gate into the Walled Garden.
23. Talbot, A Biographical History of the Talbot’s of Malahide.
24. Freeman’s Journal, 8 July 1769.
25. Some paintings of Wogan family members that are owned by the National Gallery of Ireland are on display in Malahide Castle.
26. For details of a renovation by Frances Wogan, see Freeman’s Journal, 8 July 1769; for details of a renovation in 1787 see Archibald Hamilton Rowan notebook in NAI, Rebellion Papers, 620/21/41. The various extensions to Rathcoffey Castle are clearly visible within the ruins.
27. Various memorials in the Registry of Deeds from the 1760s relating to Michael Brown and Catherine Wogan gives their address as Belgard.
28. Nobel and Keenan’s Map, 1752.
29. Anne Power, The Brigidine Sisters in Ireland, America, Australia and New Zealand, 1807–1922 (Dublin, 2018); Christopher P. Quinn, ‘Judith Wogan Browne (1756–1848), military daughter and educational pioneer’ (2016), tullowhistorian.wordpress.com/2016/10/31/25/
30. Des O’Leary, ‘Wogan Browne, 1758–1812’, pp 78–85, in Fugitive Warfare (Clane, 1998).
31. Burkes, Landed Gentry families of Ireland (1899), pp 49–50.

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